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太阳系中七个迷人而危险的殖民地：火星和地球是可比的_我的网站

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一 | 在美国戏剧《广袤》中，人类把天线延伸到太阳系的大部分地区。 Following Hamas' attack on Israel, the United States has sent a clear message of deterrence to prevent the conflict from spreading.To "anyone thinking of taking advantage of this situation," President Joe Biden said during an address on Tuesday, "I have one word: Don't."The rhetoric has since been repeated by others in the administration, with National Security Advisor Jake Sullivan telling reporters that they believe militia groups across the region "pose an urgent threat" and could "choose to try to exploit" the situation.On ABC News Live at 8:30 p.m. on Thursday, Oct. 12, ABC News' James Longman, Matt Gutman and Ian Pannell look at the horrendous toll from Hamas' massacre, the Israelis and Palestinians caught in the middle and what comes next."We have been sending clear warnings that doing so will result in a firm response and consequences from the United States," Sullivan said Tuesday.National Security Council spokesman John Kirby told reporters Wednesday there's a "long list of actors in the region that are hostile to Israel," including Hezbollah, the Iran-backed Lebanese militant group.The administration has also offered its full support to Israel, with Defense Secretary Lloyd Austin telling reporters in Brussels on Thursday that the U.S. is not placing conditions on the military aid it's providing to Israel. The U.S. additionally moved a carrier strike group into the eastern Mediterranean as part of its deterrence measures."We're sending a loud and clear message: The United States is ready to take action should any actor hostile to Israel consider trying to escalate or widen this war," Kirby said Wednesday.How impactful those gestures will be on the raging war remains uncertain. The U.S. has limited leverage in the region, though does need to be careful to not further escalate the conflict, foreign policy experts said. The Biden administration is also likely keen to not get heavily involved, experts said."If Hezbollah or the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps or some other militant group from a neighboring country decides to get involved and attack Israel at this time, I don't think the United States is going to do anything more than it's currently doing -- which is offering Israel whatever it needs to defend itself," Ralph Carter, a professor of political science at Texas Christian University, told ABC News.Biden has historically been "cautious" in sending U.S. troops into battle, Carter said. "His experience in Washington over 40 years or more suggests that once you start something like that, you have no idea where it's going to end."Kirby said Thursday that there are no active plans or intentions to send U.S. troops to join a potential ground war in Israel and Gaza. The U.S. has deployed its largest carrier group, the USS Gerald R. Ford, to the region as an act of deterrence, officials said."The United States has moved military assets in the region, but I really do find it doubtful that the Biden administration really wants to get heavily involved militarily," Russell Lucas, a professor of international relations and global studies at Michigan State University, told ABC News.Israel's powerful military is also capable of defending itself against Hamas and other militant groups, experts noted, which may limit what it needs from the U.S. and act as another deterrent."The requirements on the U.S. defense industry I think are maybe not as heavy as they might be if we were talking about a weaker ally," Adria Lawrence, the Aronson Associate Professor of International Studies and Political Science at Johns Hopkins University, said during a public briefing on the conflict.In recent days there have been some limited military engagements on Israel's northern border with Lebanon, though Hezbollah may be deterred from getting drawn into a larger conflict with Israel, experts said."They will pay dearly for entering the conflict," Lucas said. "I think most actors [in the region] know that at the end of the day, the most military-capable actor is Israel, so there is a deterrence factor."Given Israel's known military prowess, the Biden administration's rhetoric may be stronger than necessary, Lucas said."I think it's more the Biden administration is aiming especially at the domestic audience -- trying to reassert that kind of bully pulpit of the commander-in-chief role, especially in the face of perhaps critiques from the Republican Party that Biden isn't strong enough," he said.At the same time, the U.S. does need to be careful about making any threats, experts said."Words matter and if President Biden's making a commitment and making kind of an implicit threat, he needs to remember the risks that are inherent in making a red line," Lucas said. "President Obama's red line in Syria -- do not use chemical weapons -- that was then not followed up was viewed as one of Obama's biggest foreign policy failures."Sarah Parkinson, the Aronson Assistant Professor of Political Science and International Studies at JHU, said during the university's briefing that these comments by U.S. officials "will likely embolden extremists on both sides" and prolong the conflict.Following Biden's remarks, Hezbollah said they will not back down and are "ready for confrontation," while the top leader of the Islamist armed organization Houthis in Yemen said that if the U.S. intervenes militarily in Gaza, they will send munitions and fighters to support Hamas.In efforts to deescalate the conflict, the U.S. could help mobilize other countries in the region, according to James Steinberg, the dean of the School of Advanced International Studies at JHU and former Deputy Secretary of State during the Obama administration."It's not that the United States itself is going to broker a resolution of this, but it can engage others, all of whom have a stake in not seeing the situation escalate," Steinberg said during the university's briefing, noting the discussions that have been taking place between the U.S. and Saudi Arabia, the UAE and others.Secretary of State Antony Blinken told reporters Thursday at a press conference in Israel that they are working with their partners in the region to ensure "that there will not be a second front or a third front."Steinberg said a wider war "can't be ruled out," and the effectiveness of the U.S.' response to deescalate is "uncertain" -- likening it to its support of Israel in 1973 during the Yom Kippur War."Here as then, the United States has limited impact and limited leverage," he said. "Perhaps even less so today than it did in 1973."。火星和地球成了针锋相对的对手，而谷神星的定居者则在他们之间徘徊。一些公司甚至在太阳系的外围地区有定居者。你不一定想生活在这样的世界里，但毫无疑问，这个环境足够迷人。对于许多渴望漫游太阳系边界的人来说，这些场景就像梦想成真一样。

二 | 然而，在现实中，有许多事情比电视连续剧描述的更加危险。即使你成功地穿透了星际辐射，你仍然面临许多威胁；而且，致命的危险不会在你降落到行星上后立即消失。在太阳系的一些地方，你的殖民梦想可能会实现，但你的努力最终可能会变成一场噩梦。月亮离我们非常近，非常近，我们已经踏上了那里。然而，在阿波罗号宇航员穿着沾满灰尘的宇航服返回地球后，每个登月者都有同样的症状：打喷嚏、喘息、喉咙痛和鼻塞。他们似乎对月球过敏。根据欧洲航天局（ESA）最近发布的一份新闻稿，阿波罗17号的宇航员哈里森·施密特称这种现象为“月球花粉热”。据欧洲航天局称，硅酸盐是导致这些症状的主要原因。地球上的火山灰也含有硅酸盐化合物，这些物质会引起这些症状，而月球表面充满了这些物质。然而，由于月球表面没有氧气，表面的硅酸盐不会风化，使它们比地球上类似的化合物更危险：它们更容易进入人体肺部并造成损害。

三 | 此外，这些物质不仅会对宇航员造成身体伤害，还会磨损他们的仪器和宇航服。所以想一想：每天被这些讨厌的硅酸盐包围的经历是什么？你会发现它们无处不在，你的身体，你的设备，你的宇航服…你吸入的硅酸盐越来越多，慢慢地，但肯定。石英矿工人有时会患硅肺，这是一种可以导致长期肺损伤的疾病。在某些情况下，病人会死于并发症。

四 | Mars是正确的。火星上有水。这颗红色星球的一些斜坡上出现了奇怪的“间歇性条纹”，有些人认为这是水流的证据。然而，这些类似沟壑的特征实际上是少量水和大量高氯酸盐的混合物。这实际上相当危险。

五 | 高氯酸盐对人体有剧毒。这就是为什么工业场地最终被列入环保署有毒废物处理场污染清理基金名单的原因之一。我们日常使用的食盐氯化钠是一种无毒物质，但高氯酸盐含有氧和氯，是一种有毒的化学物质。高氯酸盐能损害甲状腺功能，减少骨髓生成，损害肺组织。高氯酸盐也很容易进入饮用水和食物中，如果你想在火星土壤中种植土豆，这是很糟糕的。暴露在类似火星的环境中的微生物，包括含有高氯酸盐的土壤，会很快死亡。另一方面，阳光似乎催化了高氯酸盐反应。

六 | 换句话说，即使在含氧环境中，它们也可能成为一种环境危害。高氯酸盐可以通过多种方式进入你的生命维持系统。

七 | 由于缺乏磁场和稀薄的大气层，火星暴露在非常强烈的辐射下，这也是一个非常严重的风险。

八 | 高氯酸盐可能导致因甲状腺功能不全导致的首例死亡，而甲状腺功能不全会导致弥漫性中毒性甲状腺肿等疾病。

九 | 欧罗巴也叫欧罗巴。

十 | 这是一个巨大的海洋世界，等待着我们找到生命。在厚厚的表面冰下，似乎有一切适合生命的条件。问题在于木卫二的位置：稳定地处于木星的辐射带中。木卫一和木卫二都受到致命剂量的辐射。未来的欧罗巴快船任务甚至避免了绕欧罗巴轨道飞行以延长探测器的寿命。如果你降落在欧罗巴的表面，辐射会在几天内杀死你和其他生物。

十一 | 然而，欧罗巴的冰层足够厚来保护下面的生命，但我们从来没有机会向他们问好。也许这就是为什么人类最远的探险计划试图登陆欧罗巴，也就是卡利斯托。木卫三是木星四颗大卫星中最外层的一颗，它受木星磁层的影响可以忽略不计。泰坦，也被称为泰坦，是一个非常有吸引力的地方。这颗土星卫星，大约有一颗行星那么大，看起来非常像早期的地球。它有一个非常厚的大气层，这是已知的唯一一个拥有如此厚大气层的卫星，还有大量的液态湖泊和海洋。然而，这些液体实际上是碳氢化合物。

十二 | 水在哪里？如果你能降落在泰坦的表面，你会发现周围的水已经变成了“石头”——由于极低的温度而冻结的固体。此外，从泰坦上落下的雨滴实际上是类似汽油的化学物质。虽然泰坦的大气压力比地球高，但碳氢化合物湖实际上太浅，不能真正在里面游泳。

十三 | 此外，地球到处都是泥。但是从泰坦的表面往下挖掘，你可能会发现一个水的次表面海洋。这意味着泰坦有两个大洋，一个在地表，一个在地下深处。这可能意味着泰坦有两个生物圈。理论上，氰化乙烯作为一种特殊的氮基细胞壁生物形态存在于烃湖中。泰坦不会像火星或月球那样以特定的方式杀死你，但它不是你想呆的地方。没有太多的资源可以生存下去，除非你在地下深处挖掘，或者用碳氢化合物作为燃料，为你的下一个星球之旅充电。现在，最好用机器人来探测。

十四 | 1971年6月，苏联11号在成为第一艘成功与空间站对接的航天器后，与三名宇航员返回地球。然而，令苏联航天局救援人员惊恐的是，他们发现三名宇航员在太空舱中死亡。医生的抢救没有起作用，进一步的检查显示，他们以前曾在太空中暴露在真空中。没有宇航员会以正常的心态走出气闸。三位联盟11号宇航员的经历很好地说明了暴露在太空中的后果。不，你不会爆炸的。相反，你很快就会失去肺部的空气，导致窒息。这些宇航员的官方死因是脑出血，因为他们的内部系统迅速缺氧。他们也不会立即死亡，也许在他们死前有一分钟左右的恐慌，伴随着非常高的乳酸水平（与压力有关）。事故发生后，宇航员穿着加压服返回。尽管其他宇航员在执行任务时死亡，但联盟11号仍然是唯一一个由于暴露在太空真空中而死亡的案例。

十五 | 所以，当你探索太阳系的其他部分时，一定要保证航天器一路绝对密封。

十六 | 土卫二也被称为内克拉斯。这是一个水资源丰富的星球，水是生命出现的必要条件。最大的障碍是重力。如果发生在恩克拉多斯的话，一次普通的地球跳跃大约需要3.5米。在南极洲土卫二可以进入其冰下海洋的地方，羽流可以在161米的高度喷射，喷射速度可以高达每小时2100公里。那么，是什么造成了这些猛烈的喷射呢？来自土星的潮汐力。在潮汐力的作用下，泰坦冰下的海洋将形成非常强烈的波浪。

十七 | 想象一下，在这些汹涌的水流中驾驶潜艇，不被水流困住，然后喷射到空中，然后重重地落在冰的表面，需要什么？这可能是充电的好地方，但可能不适合居住。谷神星曾经是一个冰冻的水世界，只有少量的液态水散布在行星表面。现在它更像一个覆盖着薄尘埃的冰冻矮行星。盐沉积物存在于一些金属陶瓷的液态海洋中。

十八 | 与火星上的有毒高氯酸盐不同，这些金属陶瓷沉积物是硫酸镁。对人类来说，这种化合物是完全无毒的。

十九 | 您可能在外用硫酸镁粉末来缓解肿胀，或者您可能服用过硫酸镁制成的盐。与科幻电影中的场景相比，小行星带中的物体实际上更分散。虽然谷神星表面一定经历了很多碰撞，但实际上，小行星带中的大多数小行星现在平均相距94万公里。当然，缺乏大气和磁场会直接暴露在宇宙辐射的威胁之下，宇宙辐射也是月球和火星上的一个问题。

| 谷神星上的大多数“大气巢穴”寿命较短，周围环绕着升华的冰。然而，也许最大的挑战是谷神星上大量的氨。氨的危害可能比前面讨论过的其他威胁要小，但很难将氨与水分离，暴露在氨中会损坏您的呼吸系统。因此，尽管谷神星可能对人类不那么友好，但它肯定不像火星或月球上那样致命。

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